Ainu Tattoos

According to Romyn Hitchcock, an ethnologist for Smithsonian Institution in the late 19th century, Ainu tattoo was laid upon the skin at specific intervals, the process sometimes extending over several years: “The faces of the women are disfigured by tattooing around the mouth, the style with locality. Young maidens of six or seven have a little spot on the upper lip. As they grow older, this is gradually extended until more or less broad band surrounds the mouth and extends into a tapering curve on both cheeks towards the ears.”
Of course, the tattooist wanted her client to remain still throughout the painful, since it was believed that the ritual would prepare the girl for childbirth once she had become a bride. The pain was so painful, one or more assistants held the client down so that the tattooist could continue her work.
After the mouth tattooing, the lips would feel like burning embers. The client became excited and the pain and swelling would keep her from getting much sleep. Food became afterthought and when the tattoo client became thirsty a piece of cotton grass was dipped in water and placed against the lips for the client to suck on.
The completed lip tattoos of women were significant in regards to Ainu perceptions of life experience. First, these tattoos were believed to repel evil spirits from entering the body (mouth) and causing sickness or misfortune. Secondly, the lip tattoos indicated that a woman had reached maturity and was ready for marriage. And finally, lip tattoos assured the woman life after death in the place of her deceased ancestors.
Apart from lip tattoos, however, Ainu women wore several other tattoo marks on their arms and hands usually consisting of curved and geometric designs. These motifs, which were begun as early as the fifth or sixth year, were projected to protect young girls from evil spirits. Other marks were placed on various parts of the body as charms against diseases.

MEGACITIES

Megacities are usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people.Some definition also set a minimum level for population density(at least 2000 person/square km). Megacities can be a single metropolitan area that converge.Megacities are characterized by global connectedness and local disconnectedness.Some example of mega cities are Tokyo,New York City, Los Angeles and Mumbai.Examples of megacities Environmental Challenges is regional and even the global population in jeopardy.The cost in terms of impairment of health,reduced productivity and others fall disproportionately on the poor.

BRUNO AND THE BLOWPIPES

Bruno was born in August 25,1954 in Basel,Switzerland.He was a environmental activist.Bruno Manser was well-known in Switzerland for his public activism for rainforests preservation and the position of indigenous peoples.Manser created richly illustrated notebooks during his stay in 1984 to 1990 with the Penan people in the Jungle of the Eastern Malaysian State of Sarawak on the island of borneo.He stayed with the nomadic band of Along Sega , who became the Penan figurehead for their struggle.Manser protested internationally for Sarawak.On 17 July, 1991 Manser Chained himself to a lamp post with a banner during the G7 summit until cut loose by police.His protest was featured the next day.Bruno Manser is missing and presumed dead.Manser 47, was last seen in may 2000 in the isolated village of Bario in the Malaysian state of Sarawak.Manser is still regarded by the Penan as somewhat of an idol named "Lakei Penan"(Penan Man).A man that united them and has been accused by the government of arranging numerous blockades of logging roads and having some positive effect by protesting in Tokyo and Europe about the alleged inhumanity of the tropical timber industry.

Assignment
1.who was Bruno Manser and what had he done in Sarawak?

Bruno Manser was a Environment Activist who was well-known in Switzerland.Bruno Manser was known for rainforest preservation and the protection of indigenous people especially the Penan in Sarawak.

2.What had the Sarawak Government done to stop him?

Bruno Manser was accused by the Government of arranging numerous blockages of logging and having positive effect by protesting and about the alleged in humanity of timber industry.

3.In your opinion ,was Bruno Manser right to stop the Government from developing the jungles of Sarawak and to defend the Penan to change?

In our opinion,Bruno Manser was right to stop the Government developing the jungles of Sarawak.It is because the jungle is a source of natural resources such as trees,jungle products.Besides that,it is a dwelling place of creatures and exotic animals.However,it is not relevant to defend the Penan from changing.This is because,the Penan needs to explore the world and ought to a better en civilised way of living and lifestyle.Besides,the rate of illiterate Penan should be reduce.

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

The term Indigenous Peoples can be used to describe any ethnic group of people who inhabits a geographic region with which they have the earliest known historical connection,alongside more recent immigrants who have populated the region and may be greater in number.Other related terms for indigenous people include aborigines,native people,first people,first nations and autochthonous (terms from Greek,means "Sprung from the earth.The adjective indigenous has the common meaning of "from" or of the original origin.The international Day of the worlds indigenous people falls on August 9 as this was the date of the first meeting in 1982 of the United Nations working Group of Indigenous Population.

ARTS

Body Arts(Tattoo)

A tattoo is a mark made by inserting ink into the layer of skin. It is a type of decorative body modification. Body tattoo has been practised worldwide, for example the Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan traditionally wore facial tattoos. Tattooing involves the placement of pigment into the skin dermis. After initial injection pigment is dispersed throughout a homogenized damaged layer down through the epidermis and upper dermis. As healing proceeds, the damaged epidermis flakes away while deeper in the skin granulation tissues forms, which is later converted to connective tissues by collagen growth. The most common method of tattooing in modern times is the electric tattoo machine, which insert ink into the skin via a group of needles that and soldered onto a bar, which is attached to an oscillating unit. Since tattoo instruments come in contacts with blood and bodily fluids, diseases may be transmitted of the instruments are used on more than one person without being sterilized. However,infection from tattooing in clean and modern tattoo studious employing single-use needles is rare. In conclusion body tattoo is a famous fashion and it is a wonderful arts.