Ainu Tattoos

According to Romyn Hitchcock, an ethnologist for Smithsonian Institution in the late 19th century, Ainu tattoo was laid upon the skin at specific intervals, the process sometimes extending over several years: “The faces of the women are disfigured by tattooing around the mouth, the style with locality. Young maidens of six or seven have a little spot on the upper lip. As they grow older, this is gradually extended until more or less broad band surrounds the mouth and extends into a tapering curve on both cheeks towards the ears.”
Of course, the tattooist wanted her client to remain still throughout the painful, since it was believed that the ritual would prepare the girl for childbirth once she had become a bride. The pain was so painful, one or more assistants held the client down so that the tattooist could continue her work.
After the mouth tattooing, the lips would feel like burning embers. The client became excited and the pain and swelling would keep her from getting much sleep. Food became afterthought and when the tattoo client became thirsty a piece of cotton grass was dipped in water and placed against the lips for the client to suck on.
The completed lip tattoos of women were significant in regards to Ainu perceptions of life experience. First, these tattoos were believed to repel evil spirits from entering the body (mouth) and causing sickness or misfortune. Secondly, the lip tattoos indicated that a woman had reached maturity and was ready for marriage. And finally, lip tattoos assured the woman life after death in the place of her deceased ancestors.
Apart from lip tattoos, however, Ainu women wore several other tattoo marks on their arms and hands usually consisting of curved and geometric designs. These motifs, which were begun as early as the fifth or sixth year, were projected to protect young girls from evil spirits. Other marks were placed on various parts of the body as charms against diseases.

MEGACITIES

Megacities are usually defined as a metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people.Some definition also set a minimum level for population density(at least 2000 person/square km). Megacities can be a single metropolitan area that converge.Megacities are characterized by global connectedness and local disconnectedness.Some example of mega cities are Tokyo,New York City, Los Angeles and Mumbai.Examples of megacities Environmental Challenges is regional and even the global population in jeopardy.The cost in terms of impairment of health,reduced productivity and others fall disproportionately on the poor.

BRUNO AND THE BLOWPIPES

Bruno was born in August 25,1954 in Basel,Switzerland.He was a environmental activist.Bruno Manser was well-known in Switzerland for his public activism for rainforests preservation and the position of indigenous peoples.Manser created richly illustrated notebooks during his stay in 1984 to 1990 with the Penan people in the Jungle of the Eastern Malaysian State of Sarawak on the island of borneo.He stayed with the nomadic band of Along Sega , who became the Penan figurehead for their struggle.Manser protested internationally for Sarawak.On 17 July, 1991 Manser Chained himself to a lamp post with a banner during the G7 summit until cut loose by police.His protest was featured the next day.Bruno Manser is missing and presumed dead.Manser 47, was last seen in may 2000 in the isolated village of Bario in the Malaysian state of Sarawak.Manser is still regarded by the Penan as somewhat of an idol named "Lakei Penan"(Penan Man).A man that united them and has been accused by the government of arranging numerous blockades of logging roads and having some positive effect by protesting in Tokyo and Europe about the alleged inhumanity of the tropical timber industry.

Assignment
1.who was Bruno Manser and what had he done in Sarawak?

Bruno Manser was a Environment Activist who was well-known in Switzerland.Bruno Manser was known for rainforest preservation and the protection of indigenous people especially the Penan in Sarawak.

2.What had the Sarawak Government done to stop him?

Bruno Manser was accused by the Government of arranging numerous blockages of logging and having positive effect by protesting and about the alleged in humanity of timber industry.

3.In your opinion ,was Bruno Manser right to stop the Government from developing the jungles of Sarawak and to defend the Penan to change?

In our opinion,Bruno Manser was right to stop the Government developing the jungles of Sarawak.It is because the jungle is a source of natural resources such as trees,jungle products.Besides that,it is a dwelling place of creatures and exotic animals.However,it is not relevant to defend the Penan from changing.This is because,the Penan needs to explore the world and ought to a better en civilised way of living and lifestyle.Besides,the rate of illiterate Penan should be reduce.

INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

The term Indigenous Peoples can be used to describe any ethnic group of people who inhabits a geographic region with which they have the earliest known historical connection,alongside more recent immigrants who have populated the region and may be greater in number.Other related terms for indigenous people include aborigines,native people,first people,first nations and autochthonous (terms from Greek,means "Sprung from the earth.The adjective indigenous has the common meaning of "from" or of the original origin.The international Day of the worlds indigenous people falls on August 9 as this was the date of the first meeting in 1982 of the United Nations working Group of Indigenous Population.

ARTS

Body Arts(Tattoo)

A tattoo is a mark made by inserting ink into the layer of skin. It is a type of decorative body modification. Body tattoo has been practised worldwide, for example the Ainu, the indigenous people of Japan traditionally wore facial tattoos. Tattooing involves the placement of pigment into the skin dermis. After initial injection pigment is dispersed throughout a homogenized damaged layer down through the epidermis and upper dermis. As healing proceeds, the damaged epidermis flakes away while deeper in the skin granulation tissues forms, which is later converted to connective tissues by collagen growth. The most common method of tattooing in modern times is the electric tattoo machine, which insert ink into the skin via a group of needles that and soldered onto a bar, which is attached to an oscillating unit. Since tattoo instruments come in contacts with blood and bodily fluids, diseases may be transmitted of the instruments are used on more than one person without being sterilized. However,infection from tattooing in clean and modern tattoo studious employing single-use needles is rare. In conclusion body tattoo is a famous fashion and it is a wonderful arts.

MEDIA

Mass media derived a section of the media specifically to reach a very large audience such as the population of a nation state and status. The term was coined in the 1920s. However, some forms of mass media such as books and manuscripts had already been in use centuries Which existed long time ago. The term public media has a similar meaning: it is the sum of the public mass distributors of news and entertainment across media such as newspapers, television, radio, broadcasting, which may require union membership in some large markets such as Newspaper Guild, AFTRA, & text publishers.

Mass media includes Internet media (like blogs, message boards, podcasts, and video sharing) because individuals now have a means to exposure that is comparable in scale to that previously restricted to a select group of mass media producers. The communications audience has been viewed by some commentators as forming a mass society with special characteristics, notably atomization or lack of social connections, which render it especially susceptible to the influence of modern mass-media techniques such as advertising and propaganda. The term "MSM" or "mainstream media" has been widely used in the blogosphere in discussion of the mass media and media bias.

GENDER DISCRIMINATION

Sex Discrimination

Sex discrimination may have legal disadvantages.Sex discrimination can arise in different contexts for example,instance,an employee may be discriminated against by being asked discriminatory question during a job interview.The employer might did not hire,promote or wrongly fired an employee based on his or her gender.The employer also may pay unequally salary based on gender.Besides that,in education,there could be complains that a student was excluded from an educational institution,loan,scholarship and more only because of his or her gender.Furthermore,sexual differences have been used to differentiate roles for men and women.In addition,gender discrimination also still happen in local university when some of the student are choosing people for friends,for example rich girl only wants to befriends with other students who are from the rich family and there are some students only wants to make friends with other students who are similar races and religion and also from the same states for example,Chinese with Chinese and students from Sarawak only befriends with Sarawak students.On top of that,the staff are also do the same things like the students do.The staff only treat the students that they know with a good treatment but in contrast to the students that they do not know.In conclusion,even tough we are in the modern eras,gender discrimination still happens all over the world,so we must do something to prevent this problem to become worst in our world.

Communication

Introduction of Communication

Communication is important aspect in our daily lives and it is important for every person to improve on it.In good communication,listening is just important as speaking.Common for major communication breakdowns occur when the listener does'nt understands one thing from the speaker's words .Non-verbal communication such as body language and facial expression is very important in communicating with other people.Besides that,communication also important for an employee not only in his profession but also his or her personal network and contacts with others.Usually,in our daily life,communication breakdown after causes misunderstanding and misconception among people.There are several tips to overcome the problem of communication breakdown.Firstly,when we are communicating with other people,we must concentrate and understand what we or people were talking about.Secondly,we must listen and respect what other people talking about to avoid misunderstanding between ourselves and them.Thirdly,get feedback or give feedback to know about our listener understanding so that we can know that our listener get our message perfectly.Next tips is we can write about the message or information that other people give to us during communicating on a piece of paper or better a note book so that we can jot down important information without forgetting or losing it.Lastly,try to accepts other people comments or feedback about our speaking skills so that we can improve our communicating skills.
However,there are factors that simply causes communication breakdown or communication failure.One of the prominent factors is because of the 'everybody knows' syndrome.This syndrome is define as when one person assume the other person has the same information or having the same thought as the other person.For example,in an organization the frequency of misunderstanding among members are likely to occur.That's because we don't always give clients or suppliers information on the assumption that they had already being informed.In fact, teams that investigate work processes frequently recommend better communication, with just this 'everybody knows' idea and mentality.
In conclusion,that is very important for us to keep on communicating with other people around us and keep improving our communicating skills so that we can talk fluenly and perfectly with other people in our daily life.

DEMOGRAPHY(Ethnicity and Ancestries)

DEMOGRAPHY(Ethnicity and Ancestries)

INTRODUCTION

ETHNIC

Malaysia,a multiracial country is well known by the world population as it have various type of ethnics that makes up about half of the total population in Malaysia.There are two group of citizens in Malaysia, the Bumiputera such as the Malay or usually known as the Muslims(the largest ethnic in Malaysia)and Non-Bumiputeras.The second largest ethnic in Malaysia is the Chinese then followed by the Indians.Twenty largest ethnolinguistic group in Malaysia are the Malays(Peninsular,Han Chinese Hokkien,Tamil,Han Chinese Hakka,Han Chinese Cantonese,Malays(Banjar),Han Chinese Teochow,Han Chinese Mandarin,Minangkabau,Indonesian,Iban
Filipino,Han Chinese Hainanese,Han Chinese Min Bei,Malays(East Malaysia),Han Chinese Min Dong,Straits Chinese,Nepalese,Tausug and the Dusun(central).Unlike other neighbour country such as indonesia,Thailand and the phillipines,most Malaysian Chinese and Indian do not want to assimilate or intergrate into Bumiputra society in Malaysia.

ANCESTRIES

Malaysian Malays are mixd people of various ancentries.Many have different ancentris from all over the world.Examples,Achenese(population about 20,000-1000,000),Arab(500,000-1000,000),Benjavese(200,000-1000,000),Bugis(1,284,000-7,500,00)Chinese(217,100-500,000),Indians(200,000-1,000,000)Javanese(1,283,964-3,000,000) and Minangkabau(300,000-1,000,000).All the information above prove that Malaysia is different and special compare to other countries in the world and we as the Malaysian should be proud of our country.We Malaysian should live in peace and intergrity to make Malaysia a better country to live in.

IDEOLOGY OF EMO

INTRODUCTION OF "EMo"

EMO is a style of rock music typically charactherized by melodic musicianship and expressive but oftenly confessional lyrics."Emo" is often used more generally to signify a relationship between fans and artists and also to describe aspects of fashion,culture and behavior.Emo emerged from the hardcore punk of early-1980s in Washington,DC.Emo also known as "emotional hardcore" or "emocore".Hardcore punk,indie rock are the emo's stylistic origins and their typical instruments are guitars,bass guitar,drum kid and vokals.Many of the band's themes would become familiar in later generations of emo music,including nostalgia,romantic bitterness and poetic desperation.The origins of the term 'emo'are still in mystery but it was believe first came into common practise in 1985.Emo movement spread across the United States,many bands in numerous local began to emulate the sound as a way to mixed the intensity of hardcore with the complex emotions assosiated with growing older.Begining in late 1990s emo had a surge of popularity in realm of independent music.The diversity of bands and emotional music made the case for emo as more of a shared and spread it throughtout the community of underground music.Today Emo is commonly tied with boyh music and fashion as well as an inspiration towards the emo's subculture.The emo's usually wear tight jeans on males and female alike,long fringe(bangs)brushes to one side to the other side of the face,one or both eyes dyed black,straight hair,tight t-shirt(usually short sleeved),studded belts,canvas sneakers or skate shoes and in some cases,black horn-rimmed glasses.Emo is also famous as the emo's often links with cases that related with emotional,self injury and suicide.Todays,there are many emo music band that are loved and became idol or favourite music band to the youngsters such as My Chemical Romance,Escape the Fate,Bless the Fall and many more.

Borneo Headhunting

INTRODUCTION OF HEAD HUNTING IN BORNEO


Head hunting is the practice of taking a person's head after killing a human.
Head hunting was practiced into historic times in Borneo.Head hunting has become very well known and head hunters were often feared by many people and community at that particular era.
Head hunting include mortification of the rivals ritual violence,cosmological balance,the display of manhood,cannibalism and prestige.
Some experts theorize that the practice stemmed from the belief that the head contained "soul matter" of life force, which could be harnessed through its capture.It was usually a ritual activity rather than an act of war or feuding and involved the taking of a single head.Acted as a catalyst for the cessation of personal and collective mourning for the community dead's.

In Sarawak,
on the island of Borneo,the colonial dynasty of James Brooke and his descendants eradicated head hunting in hundred years before World War 2.
There has been serious outbreaks of inter-ethnic violence on the island of Kalimantan since 1997,involving the indigenous Dayak peoples and immigrants from the island of Madura.In 2001,in the central Kalimantan town of Sampit,at least 500 Madurese were killed and up to 100,000 Madurese were forced to flee.Some Madurese bodies were decapitated in a ritual reminiscent of the head hunting tradition of the Dayaks of old.There are method and tehnics used to preserved a victim's head.The usual method done is by extracting the brain out via the nostril of a decapicitated head.After the previous process is done,the heads are usually placed above the fire to be smoked.Lastly,the smoked head will be wraped in a rattan basket and hanged outside the 'ruai'.

DAYAK PEOPLE,
are the people indigenous to Borneo.The main ethnic group of Dayaks are the Bakumpai and Dayak Bukit of South Kalimantan They used to be a tradition of retaliation for old head hunts which kept the practice alive.The practice of head hunts was limited to individual retaliation attacks or the result of change encounters.Early Brooke Government reports describe Dayak captured enemy heads.


IBAN PEOPLE,
A branch of the Dayak peoples of Borneo.Most located in Sarawak ,small portion in Sabah and some in west Malaysia.Formely known during the colonial period by the British as Sea Dayaks.They were renowned for practising head hunting.Long time ago,the Ibans are very strong and successful tribe.They were also feared tribe in Borneo and they speak Ibans Language.The slogan 'agi idup,agi ngelaban' is a wrath that motivates them to keep alive.


Today,head hunting and piracy are long gone and in has came the modern era of globalization and technology for the Ibans and the Dayaks.Therefore this headhunting as the iban culture is forgotten as time flies by.